The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus currently being reported as surging in China, raising concerns internationally. Although Chinese health authorities have not confirmed HMPV as the cause of increased hospitalizations, suggesting that influenza A may be behind the spike, the attention on this virus stems largely from limited public awareness of it in regions such as the U.S. However, experts emphasise there is no reason for alarm about HMPV becoming a pandemic, as it is not a novel virus and has been circulating for decades, with most people having some level of immunity.
HMPV is part of the Pneumoviridae family, similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It was first identified in 2001, though it may have been around for over a century. The virus typically circulates seasonally in the U.S. during the winter and spring months, alongside viruses like RSV and influenza.
The symptoms of HMPV include cough, fever, nasal congestion, and shortness of breath, which can progress to bronchitis or pneumonia in some severe cases. Young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk for complications. According to the Cleveland Clinic, about 10% to 12% of respiratory illnesses in children are caused by HMPV, though most cases are mild. An estimated 5% to 16% of infected children may develop lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia.
Despite its respiratory impact, experts state that HMPV is not as widespread or severe as COVID-19 or seasonal influenza. Recent U.S. CDC data shows that HMPV comprises less than 2% of weekly positive respiratory virus tests, compared to nearly 19% for the flu and over 7% for COVID-19 in the same period. The threshold for a disease to be considered widespread locally is 10%, which HMPV does not approach.
HMPV spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or by touching contaminated surfaces. Unlike RSV, flu, or COVID-19, there is no vaccine available for HMPV. Preventative measures include handwashing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and using masks when necessary. These steps echo protective practices learned during the COVID-19 pandemic.
While HMPV outbreaks like the one reported in China are being closely monitored, its overall impact remains limited compared to other major respiratory viruses. Public health advice emphasises the importance of awareness and precautionary hygiene practices over panic.
